Shadow Education in Africa: Private Supplementary Tutoring and Its Policy Implications by Mark Bray. Hong Kong: Comparative Education Research Centre, University of Hong Kong, 2021. 91 pp. US$16.00 (paper); also available as a free download on the publisher’s website. Shadow Education in the Middle East: Private Supplementary Tutoring and Its Policy Implications by Mark Bray and Anas Hajar. London: Routledge, 2023. 102 pp. US$48.00 (paper), ISBN 978-1-003-31759-3; also available open access.

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