Artemether‐Lumefantrine versus Dihydroartemisinin‐Piperaquine for Falciparum Malaria: A Longitudinal, Randomized Trial in Young Ugandan Children

We compared artemether‐lumefantrine and dihydroartemisinin‐piperaquine for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in a cohort of young Ugandan children. Both drugs were safe and highly efficacious, with a similar long‐term effect on the risk of recurrent malaria.

Compared with acute otitis media (AOM) caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae, or group A streptococcus, AOM due to Moraxella catarrhalis is characterized by a higher proportion of mixed infections, younger age at diagnosis, a lower proportion of spontaneous perforation of the tympanic membrane, and no mastoiditis.

The (1→3)‐β‐d‐glucan assay demonstrated a fair diagnostic performance for 871 patients at risk of invasive fungal disease who underwent testing during 2004–2006 for diverse clinical syndromes. The assay would have increased invasive fungal disease certainty to probable in 54% of possible invasive fungal disease cases.

Detection of congenital Chagas disease is challenging, and conventional diagnostic methods miss many infected infants. Molecular methods identify infected infants earlier in life, and high maternal parasite loads determined by real‐time polymerase chain reaction indicate women at high risk of vertical transmission.

Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli strains were the most frequently isolated pathogens in a passive surveillance cohort study of diarrhea that involved children aged <1 year in Lima, Peru. These pathogens were more frequently isolated in samples from older infants, reflecting the increased pathogen exposure after 6 months of age.

Menstrual tampons containing glycerol monolaurate as a fiber finish reduced vaginal exotoxin production by Staphylococcus aureus, compared with tampons without gycerol monolaurate. Gycerol monolaurate also reduced the amount of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin 8 present in tampons.

Compared with amphotericin B deoxycholate, lipid formulations of amphotericin B were independently associated with lower mortality among solid organ transplant recipients with central nervous system cryptococcosis.

Using coronary calcium, we estimated the arterial age of 400 human immunodeficiency virus–infected patients. Coronary age was increased in 40.5% (mean, 15 years). In multivariable analyses, current CD4⁺ cell count was the only predictor of increased coronary age ( ; ).