This study identified 2 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms—one in the toll‐like receptor pathway and another in a critical anti‐inflammatory cytokine—that were associated with specific clinical manifestations of invasive Haemophilus influenzae serotype b disease in previously immunized children, with P values approaching genome‐wide significance.

Among elderly inhabitants of a remote area of the Central African Republic, where sleeping sickness was epidemic during the 1930s and 1940s, hepatitis C virus and human T cell lymphotropic virus 1 infections were associated with, respectively, treatment and chemoprophylaxis of trypanosomiasis more than 5 decades earlier.

Variations in single‐nucleotide polymorphism rs12979860, near the IL28B gene, are associated with a higher rate of sustained virologic response to hepatitis C therapy in patients with HIV coinfection, regardless of hepatitis C virus genotype, as well as with plasma low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels.

Anisakidosis, human infection with nematodes of the family Anisakidae, is caused most commonly by Anisakis simplex and Pseudoterranova decipiens. Raw marine fish consumption causes gastric, intestinal, ectopic, and allergic anisakidosis, which can be prevented by thoroughly cooking or freezing fish.

Nearly 20% of HIV‐infected patients starting antiretroviral therapy in Durban, South Africa, had undiagnosed, culture‐positive pulmonary tuberculosis. Despite current World Health Organization recommendations for tuberculosis screening among HIV‐infected ambulatory patients, neither cough nor acid‐fast bacillus smear tests were adequately sensitive for screening.

A higher proportion of HIV‐2–infected mothers than HIV‐1–infected mothers had no symptoms, had received no highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), and had higher CD4 cell counts during pregnancy. The mother‐to‐child transmission rate of HIV‐2 during 1986–2007 was 0.6% (95% confidence interval, 0.07%–2.2%) and was similar before and after the HAART era.