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15 March 2008

Volume 46, Number 6
Clinical Infectious Diseases 2008;46:878–885
© 2008 by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved.
1058-4838/2008/4606-0015$15.00
DOI: 10.1086/527382
MAJOR ARTICLE

1,3‐β‐d‐Glucan Antigenemia for Early Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Infections in Neutropenic Patients with Acute Leukemia

Laurence Senn,1

James Owen Robinson,1

Sabine Schmidt,3

Marlies Knaup,1

Nobuo Asahi,4

Shinji Satomura,4

Shuuji Matsuura,4

Bertrand Duvoisin,3

Jacques Bille,2

Thierry Calandra,1 and

Oscar Marchetti1

1Infectious Diseases Service, 2Institute of Microbiology, and 3Radiology Service, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; and 4Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Osaka, Japan

Background.Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) are life‐threatening complications in neutropenic patients with hematological malignancies. Because early diagnosis of IFI is difficult, new noninvasive, culture‐independent diagnostic tools are needed to improve clinical management. Recent studies have reported that detection of 1,3‐β‐d‐glucan (BG) antigenemia may be useful for diagnosis of IFI. The aim of the present prospective study was to evaluate the usefulness of monitoring BG in patients undergoing chemotherapy for acute leukemia.

Methods.BG antigenemia was measured by a colorimetric assay twice weekly in the absence of fever and daily in the presence of fever. IFIs were classified according to the criteria of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Mycoses Study Group.

Results.During 190 consecutive neutropenic episodes (median duration, 22 days; range, 7–113 days) in 95 patients, 30 proven or probable IFIs (13 aspergillosis, 15 candidiasis, and 2 mixed IFIs) were diagnosed. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and efficiency of 2 consecutive BG values 7 pg/mL for diagnosis of proven or probable IFI was 0.63 (95% confidence interval, 0.44–0.79), 0.96 (95% confidence interval, 0.89–0.98), 0.79 (95% confidence interval, 0.57–0.92), 0.91 (95% confidence interval, 0.84–0.95), and 0.89, respectively. The time interval between onset of fever as first sign of IFI and BG antigenemia was significantly shorter than the time to diagnosis of IFI by clinical, microbiological, radiological, and/or histopathological criteria ( ). BG values >50 pg/mL were observed in only 2 patients, both of whom experienced failure of antifungal therapy.

Conclusion.Monitoring of BG antigenemia is a useful noninvasive method for early diagnosis of IFI in patients with acute leukemia.

Received 21 May 2007; accepted 24 September 2007; electronically published 7 February 2008.

Reprints or correspondence: Dr. Oscar Marchetti, Infectious Diseases Service, Dept. of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, CH‐1011 Lausanne, Switzerland ().

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