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1 December 2007

Volume 196, Number 11
The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2007;196:1662–1666
© 2007 by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved.
0022-1899/2007/19611-0013$15.00
DOI: 10.1086/522164
BRIEF REPORT

Long‐Term Effect of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine on Nasopharyngeal Colonization by Streptococcus pneumoniae—and Associated Interactions with Staphylococcus aureus and Haemophilus influenzae Colonization—in HIV‐Infected and HIV‐Uninfected Children

Shabir A. Madhi,1

Peter Adrian,1

Locadiah Kuwanda,1

Clare Cutland,1

Werner C. Albrich,1 and

Keith P. Klugman1,2

1University of the Witwatersrand/Medical Research Council, Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Bertsham, South Africa; 2Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health and Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia

After a primary series of 3 doses, it was found that a 9‐valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine no longer reduces nasopharyngeal colonization by vaccine serotypes in childern 5.3 years of age. In addition, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected children ( ) had a higher prevalence of colonization by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae (71.6% and 74.1%, respectively) than did HIV‐uninfected children ( ; 50.9% and 52.0%, respectively), suggesting that increased colonization may contribute to the greater burden of pneumococcal disease in HIV‐infected children. Inverse associations between colonization by S. pneumoniae and colonization by Staphylococcus aureus and between colonization by S. aureus and colonization by H. influenzae were observed only in HIV‐uninfected children, possibly as a result of suboptimal adaptive immunity after previous colonization in HIV‐infected children.

Received 31 May 2007; accepted 19 June 2007; electronically published 25 October 2007.

Reprints or correspondence: Shabir A Madhi, Old Potch Road, Chris Hani‐Baragwanath Hospital, Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, New Nurses Residence, 1st Floor West Wing, Bertsham, Gauteng 2013, South Africa ().

Global Theme Issue: Poverty and Human Development

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Zhe Zhang, Thomas B. Clarke, Jeffrey N. Weiser. (2009) Cellular effectors mediating Th17-dependent clearance of pneumococcal colonization in mice. Journal of Clinical Investigation
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Ener Cagri Dinleyici, Zeynel Abidin Yargic. (2008) Pneumococcal conjugated vaccines: impact of PCV-7 and new achievements in the postvaccine era. Expert Review of Vaccines 7:9, 1367-1394
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  • Potential conflicts of interest: S.A.M. and K.P.K. have received research funding and consultancy from Wyeth Vaccines and Pediatrics.

    Financial support: Wyeth Vaccines and Pediatrics (support to the phase 3 vaccine efficacy trial); Comprehensive International Program of Research on AIDS in South Africa, National Institutes of Health/Division of AIDS (grant 1U19A153217 to S.A.M. and P.A., for infrastructure to perform part of the carriage studies).

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