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15 February 2006

Volume 42, Number 4
Clinical Infectious Diseases 2006;42:507–515
© 2006 by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved.
1058-4838/2006/4204-0011$15.00
DOI: 10.1086/499811
REVIEW ARTICLE

Immunotherapy for Fungal Infections

Brahm H. Segal,1,2

June Kwon‐Chung,3

Thomas J. Walsh,5

Bruce S. Klein,6

Minoo Battiwalla,1,2

Nikolaos G. Almyroudis,1

Steven M. Holland,4 and

Luigina Romani7

Departments of 1Medicine and 2Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York; 3Molecular Microbiology Section, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, and 4Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and 5Immunocompromised Host Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; 6Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin Medical School, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, Wisconsin; and 7Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Science School of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy

Opportunistic fungal infections are major causes of morbidity and mortality among immunocompromised individuals. Fungi have evolved complex and coordinated mechanisms to survive in the environment and in the mammalian host. Fungi must adapt to “stressors” in the host (including scarcity of nutrients, pH, and reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates) in addition to evading host immunity. Knowledge of the immunopathogenesis of fungal infections has paved the way to promising strategies for immunotherapy. These include strategies that increase phagocyte number, activate innate host defense pathways in phagocytes and dendritic cells, and stimulate antigen‐specific immunity (e.g., vaccines). Immunotherapy must be tailored to specific immunocompromised states. Challenges exist in bringing promising immunotherapies from the laboratory to clinical trials.

Received 24 May 2005; accepted 17 October 2005; electronically published 13 January 2006.

Reprints or correspondence: Dr. Brahm H. Segal, Div. of Infectious Diseases, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263 ().

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  • Presented in part: 44th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Washington, DC, October 2004.

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