All Journals > The Journal of Infectious Diseases > 1 July 2005 > NVP Resistance after Single‐Dose NVP

Article Tools

Search for Related Articles

  • By Author
  • Search In

Press Release

Maternal HIV-1 Treatment Protects Against Transmission to Newborns

In the News

Featured in Times Live
"Masks, hand sanitizer can help stop flu spreading" January 28, 2010
Times Live reports on Allison E. Aiello, et al.'s study which suggest that the use of face masks and hand hygiene may reduce respiratory illness in shared living settings.

Featured in The Times of India
"HIV infection linked to aging of the brain" January 22, 2010
The Times of India covers Beau M. Ances, et al.'s study about HIV infection and its treatments leading to premature aging of human brains.

Featured in Los Angeles Times
"A note for the next pandemic: Face masks might be the way to go after all" January 21, 2010
Tami Dennis covers Allison E. Aiello, et al.'s findings linking the hand hygene and the wearing of face masks to the reduction respiratory illnesses and mitigation of the impact of influenza A (H1N1).

1 July 2005

Volume 192, Number 1
The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2005;192:30–36
© 2005 by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved.
0022-1899/2005/19201-0007$15.00
DOI: 10.1086/430764
MAJOR ARTICLE

Nevirapine (NVP) Resistance in Women with HIV‐1 Subtype C, Compared with Subtypes A and D, after the Administration of Single‐Dose NVP

Susan H. Eshleman,1

Donald R. Hoover,3

Shu Chen,2

Sarah E. Hudelson,1

Laura A. Guay,1

Anthony Mwatha,4

Susan A. Fiscus,5

Francis Mmiro,6

Philippa Musoke,7

J. Brooks Jackson,1

Newton Kumwenda,2 and

Taha Taha2

1Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, and 2Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; 3Department of Statistics and Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey; 4Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; 5Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill; Departments of 6Obstetrics and Gynaecology and 7Paediatrics, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda

Objective.In the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Network for Prevention Trials (HIVNET) 012 trial in Uganda, 6–8 weeks after single‐dose nevirapine (SD‐NVP), NVP resistance mutations were detected at a higher rate in women with HIV‐1 subtype D than in women with subtype A. Here, we evaluate the rate of NVP resistance mutations in women with subtype C.

Methods.NVP resistance mutations were detected using the ViroSeq HIV‐1 Genotyping System.

Results.The portion of women with any NVP resistance mutation was higher in those with subtype C (45/65 [69.2%] in the NVP and zidovudine trial, Malawi) than in those in the HIVNET 012 trial with either subtype A (28/144 [19.4%]; ) or subtype D (35/97 [36.1%]; ). In a multivariate model, subtype (C vs. A: odds ratio [OR], 8.73 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 4.29–17.76]; C vs. D: OR, 3.38 [95% CI, 1.65–6.93]) and viral load at delivery (OR, 2.35 [95% CI, 1.62–3.40]) independently predicted NVP resistance mutations, but maternal age, parity, and time between SD‐NVP and the 6–8‐week visit did not.

Conclusions.The rate of NVP resistance mutations after SD‐NVP was significantly higher in women with HIV‐1 subtype C than in women with subtype A or D. Studies are needed to assess the clinical significance of this finding.

Received 10 December 2004; accepted 8 March 2005; electronically published 1 June 2005.

Reprints or correspondence: Dr. Susan H. Eshleman, Dept. of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Ross Bldg. 646, 720 Rutland Ave., Baltimore, MD 21205 ().

Cited by

Andrea De Luca, Mattia Prosperi, Laura Bracciale. (2010) Resistance considerations in sequencing of antiretroviral therapy in low-middle income countries with currently available options. Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS 5:1, 27-37
Online publication date: 1-Jan-2010.
CrossRef
Claudia Hawkins, Robert L Murphy. (2009) Management of antiretroviral failure and resistance in developing countries. Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS 4:6, 538-544
Online publication date: 1-Nov-2009.
CrossRef
Sudeb C Dalai, Tulio de Oliveira, Gordon W Harkins, Seble G Kassaye, Jennifer Lint, Justen Manasa, Elizabeth Johnston, David Katzenstein. (2009) Evolution and molecular epidemiology of subtype C HIV-1 in Zimbabwe. AIDS 23:18, 2523-2532
Online publication date: 1-Nov-2009.
CrossRef
Dara A Lehman, Michael H Chung, Jennifer M Mabuka, Grace C John-Stewart, James Kiarie, John Kinuthia, Julie Overbaugh. (2009) Lower Risk of Resistance After Short-Course HAART Compared With Zidovudine/Single-Dose Nevirapine Used for Prevention of HIV-1 Mother-to-Child Transmission. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 51:5, 522-529
Online publication date: 1-Aug-2009.
CrossRef
Amphan Chalermchockcharoenkit, Mary Culnane, Tawee Chotpitayasunondh, Nirun Vanprapa, Wanna Leelawiwat, Philip A. Mock, Suvanna Asavapiriyanont, Achara Teeraratkul, Michelle S. McConnell, Janet M. McNicholl, and Jordan W. Tappero. (2009) Antiretroviral Resistance Patterns and HIV‐1 Subtype in Mother‐Infant Pairs after the Administration of Combination Short‐Course Zidovudine plus Single‐Dose Nevirapine for the Prevention of Mother‐to‐Child Transmission of HIV. Clinical Infectious Diseases 49:2, 299-305
Online publication date: 15-Jul-2009.
Abstract-Full Text-PDF Version (261 kB)
Megan Wind‐Rotolo, Christine Durand, Lisa Cranmer, Alison Reid, Neil Martinson, Meg Doherty, Benjamin L. Jilek, Joseph Kagaayi, Allan Kizza, Visva Pillay, Oliver Laeyendecker, Steven J. Reynolds, Susan H. Eshleman, Bryan Lau, Stuart C. Ray, Janet D. Siliciano, Thomas C. Quinn, and Robert F. Siliciano. (2009) Identification of Nevirapine‐Resistant HIV‐1 in the Latent Reservoir after Single‐Dose Nevirapine to Prevent Mother‐to‐Child Transmission of HIV‐1. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 199:9, 1301-1309
Online publication date: 1-May-2009.
Abstract-Full Text-PDF Version (383 kB)
Neil A Martinson, Lynn Morris, Jeffrey Johnson, Glenda E Gray, Visva Pillay, Johanna Ledwaba, Puleng Dhlamini, Sarah Cohen, Adrian Puren, Jan Steyn, Walid Heneine, James A McIntyre. (2009) Women exposed to single-dose nevirapine in successive pregnancies: effectiveness and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance. AIDS 27:7, 809-816
Online publication date: 1-Apr-2009.
CrossRef
(2009) Tolerance and viral resistance after single-dose nevirapine with tenofovir and emtricitabine to prevent vertical transmission of HIV-1. AIDS 27:7, 825-833
Online publication date: 1-Apr-2009.
CrossRef
Ashraf Coovadia, Gillian Hunt, Elaine J. Abrams, Gayle Sherman, Tammy Meyers, Gill Barry, Eloise Malan, Belinda Marais, Renate Stehlau, Johanna Ledwaba, Scott M. Hammer, Lynn Morris, and Louise Kuhn. (2009) Persistent Minority K103N Mutations among Women Exposed to Single‐Dose Nevirapine and Virologic Response to Nonnucleoside Reverse‐Transcriptase Inhibitor–Based Therapy. Clinical Infectious Diseases 48:4, 462-472
Online publication date: 15-Feb-2009.
Abstract-Full Text-PDF Version (313 kB)
Adriaan E Basson, Matshediso Ntsala, Neil Martinson, Emily Tlale, Gary E Corrigan, Xingwu Shao, Glenda Gray, James McIntyre, Adrian Puren, Lynn Morris. (2008) Development of Phenotypic HIV-1 Drug Resistance After Exposure to Single-Dose Nevirapine. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 49:5, 538-543
Online publication date: 1-Dec-2008.
CrossRef
D Hirt, S Urien, DK Ekouévi, E Rey, E Arrivé, S Blanche, C Amani-Bosse, E Nerrienet, G Gray, M Kone, SK Leang, J McIntyre, F Dabis, J-M Tréluyer. (2008) Population Pharmacokinetics of Tenofovir in HIV-1-Infected Pregnant Women and Their Neonates (ANRS 12109). Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics
Online publication date: 5-Nov-2008.
CrossRef
Nittaya Phanuphak, Praphan Phanuphak. (2008) Proposed guidelines for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in middle-income countries: the Thai Red Cross PMTCT guidelines. Future HIV Therapy 2:6, 551-565
Online publication date: 1-Nov-2008.
CrossRef
G.U. van Zyl, M. Claassen, S. Engelbrecht, J.D. Laten, M.F. Cotton, G.B. Theron, W. Preiser. (2008) Zidovudine with nevirapine for the prevention of HIV mother-to-child transmission reduces nevirapine resistance in mothers from the Western Cape, South Africa. Journal of Medical Virology 80:6, 942-946
Online publication date: 1-Jun-2008.
CrossRef
Jessica D. Church, William I. Towler, Donald R. Hoover, Sarah E. Hudelson, Newton Kumwenda, Taha E. Taha, James R. Eshleman, Susan H. Eshleman. (2008) Comparison of LigAmp and an ASPCR Assay for Detection and Quantification of K103N-Containing HIV Variants. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 24:4, 595-605
Online publication date: 1-Apr-2008.
CrossRef
Shahin Lockman. (2008) Prevention of mother-to-child transmission, drug resistance, and implications for response to therapy. Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS 3:2, 166-172
Online publication date: 1-Mar-2008.
CrossRef
Ryan M. Troyer, Matthew S. Lalonde, Erika Fraundorf, Korey R. Demers, Fred Kyeyune, Peter Mugyenyi, Aslam Syed, Christopher C. Whalen, Francis Bajunirwe, Eric J. Arts. (2008) A Radiolabeled Oligonucleotide Ligation Assay Demonstrates the High Frequency of Nevirapine Resistance Mutations in HIV Type 1 Quasispecies of NVP-Treated and Untreated Mother–Infant Pairs from Uganda. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 24:2, 235-250
Online publication date: 1-Feb-2008.
CrossRef
Akinyemi I. Ojesina, Christopher Mullins, Godwin Imade, Jay Samuels, Jean-Louis Sankalé, Sunday Pam, Solomon Sagay, John Idoko, Phyllis J. Kanki. (2007) Characterization of HIV Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase Mutations in Infants Infected by Mothers Who Received Peripartum Nevirapine Prophylaxis in Jos, Nigeria. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 23:12, 1587-1592
Online publication date: 1-Dec-2007.
CrossRef
Fabiana M. Kakehasi, Unaí Tupinambás, Silvia Cleto, Agdemir Aleixo, Elisa Lin, Victor H. Melo, Regina A.L.P. Aguiar, Jorge A. Pinto. (2007) Persistence of Genotypic Resistance to Nelfinavir among Women Exposed to Prophylactic Antiretroviral Therapy during Pregnancy. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 23:12, 1515-1520
Online publication date: 1-Dec-2007.
CrossRef
Nary Ly, Viseth Phoung, Duong Chan Min, Chanthan Srey, Leang Sim Kruy, Kanal Koum, Vannarith Chhum, Philippe Glaziou, Hervé J. Fleury, Jean-Marc Reynes. (2007) Reverse Transcriptase Mutations in Cambodian CRF01_AE Isolates after Antiretroviral Prophylaxis against HIV Type 1 Perinatal Transmission. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 23:12, 1563-1568
Online publication date: 1-Dec-2007.
CrossRef
Dara A. Lehman, Carey Farquhar. (2007) Biological mechanisms of vertical human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) transmission. Reviews in Medical Virology 17:6, 381-403
Online publication date: 1-Nov-2007.
CrossRef
Tamara S Flys, Anthony Mwatha, Laura A Guay, Clemensia Nakabiito, Deborah Donnell, Philippa Musoke, Francis Mmiro, J Brooks Jackson, Susan H Eshleman. (2007) Detection of K103N in Ugandan women after repeated exposure to single dose nevirapine. AIDS 21:15, 2077-2082
Online publication date: 1-Oct-2007.
CrossRef
Susan M Graham. (2007) Clinical impact of HIV-1 subtype: are there important differences?. Future HIV Therapy 1:3, 273-290
Online publication date: 1-Sep-2007.
CrossRef
Jessica D. Church, Sarah E. Hudelson, Laura A. Guay, Shu Chen, Donald R. Hoover, Neil Parkin, Susan A. Fiscus, Francis Mmiro, Philippa Musoke, Newton Kumwenda, J. Brooks Jackson, Taha E. Taha, Susan H. Eshleman. (2007) Short Communication: HIV Type 1 Variants with Nevirapine Resistance Mutations Are Rarely Detected in Antiretroviral Drug-Naive African Women with Subtypes A, C, and D. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 23:6, 764-768
Online publication date: 1-Jun-2007.
CrossRef
Neil A Martinson, Didier K Ekouevi, Francois Dabis, Lynn Morris, Pumla Lupodwana, Besigin Tonwe-Gold, Puleng Dhlamini, Renaud Becquet, Jan G Steyn, Val??riane Leroy, Ida Viho, Glenda E Gray, James A McIntyre. (2007) Transmission Rates in Consecutive Pregnancies Exposed to Single-Dose Nevirapine in Soweto, South Africa and Abidjan, C??te d??Ivoire. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 45:2, 206-209
Online publication date: 1-Jun-2007.
CrossRef
N. Suksomboon, N. Poolsup, S. Ket-aim. (2007) Systematic review of the efficacy of antiretroviral therapies for reducing the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics 32:3, 293-311
Online publication date: 1-Jun-2007.
CrossRef
Marc Lallemant, Gonzague Jourdain. (2007) Nevirapine prophylaxis for the prevention of perinatal HIV and the impact of resistance mutations on subsequent therapy. Future HIV Therapy 1:1, 23-27
Online publication date: 1-May-2007.
CrossRef
Elise Arrivé, François Dabis. (2007) Development of resistance after administration of single-dose nevirapine to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Future HIV Therapy 1:1, 91-101
Online publication date: 1-May-2007.
CrossRef
Swarali N. Kurle, Raman R. Gangakhedkar, Sourav Sen, Shilpa S. Hayatnagarkar, Srikanth P. Tripathy, Ramesh S. Paranjape. (2007) Emergence of NNRTI Drug Resistance Mutations after Single-Dose Nevirapine Exposure in HIV Type 1 Subtype C-Infected Infants in India. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 23:5, 682-685
Online publication date: 1-May-2007.
CrossRef
Daniel Westreich, Joseph Eron, Frieda Behets, Charles van der Horst, and Annelies Van Rie. (2007) Survival in Women Exposed to Single‐Dose Nevirapine for Prevention of Mother‐to‐Child Transmission of HIV: A Stochastic Model. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 195:6, 837-846
Online publication date: 15-Mar-2007.
Abstract-Full Text-PDF Version (454 kB)
Tamara S. Flys, Deborah Donnell, Anthony Mwatha, Clemensia Nakabiito, Philippa Musoke, Francis Mmiro, J. Brooks Jackson, Laura A. Guay, and Susan H. Eshleman. (2007) Persistence of K103N‐Containing HIV‐1 Variants after Single‐Dose Nevirapine for Prevention of HIV‐1 Mother‐to‐Child Transmission. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 195:5, 711-715
Online publication date: 1-Mar-2007.
Abstract-Full Text-PDF Version (285 kB)
Bluma G Brenner. (2007) Resistance and viral subtypes: how important are the differences and why do they occur?. Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS 2:2, 94-102
Online publication date: 1-Mar-2007.
CrossRef
Nicole Vidal, Theodore Niyongabo, Jean Nduwimana, Christelle Butel, Athanase Ndayiragije, Joseph Wakana, Martin Nduwimana, Eric Delaporte, Martine Peeters. (2007) HIV Type 1 Diversity and Antiretroviral Drug Resistance Mutations in Burundi. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 23:1, 175-180
Online publication date: 1-Jan-2007.
CrossRef
L. Waters, L. John, M. Nelson. (2007) Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors: a review. International Journal of Clinical Practice 61:1, 105-118
Online publication date: 1-Jan-2007.
CrossRef
Rami Kantor. (2006) Impact of HIV-1 pol diversity on drug resistance and its clinical implications. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 19:6, 594???606
Online publication date: 1-Dec-2006.
CrossRef
Rafa??lla F. A L??homme, Tim Dijkema, Andre J. A. M van der Ven, David M Burger. (2006) Brief Report: Enzyme Inducers Reduce Elimination Half-Life After a Single Dose of Nevirapine in Healthy Women. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 43:2, 193-196
Online publication date: 1-Oct-2006.
CrossRef
David Katzenstein. (2006) Diversity, Drug Resistance, and the Epidemic of Subtype C HIV‐1 in Africa. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 194:s1, S45-S50
Online publication date: 15-Sep-2006.
Abstract-Full Text-PDF Version (464 kB)
Rebeca M Plank, Daniel R Kuritzkes. (2006) An update on HIV-1 antiretroviral resistance. Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS 1:5, 417-423
Online publication date: 1-Sep-2006.
CrossRef
Tamara S. Flys, Shu Chen, Dana C. Jones, Donald R. Hoover, Jessica D. Church, Susan A. Fiscus, Anthony Mwatha, Laura A. Guay, Francis Mmiro, Philippa Musoke, Newton Kumwenda, Taha E. Taha, J. Brooks Jackson, Susan H. Eshleman. (2006) Quantitative Analysis of HIV-1 Variants With the K103N Resistance Mutation After Single-Dose Nevirapine in Women With HIV-1 Subtypes A, C, and D. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 42:5, 610-613
Online publication date: 1-Aug-2006.
CrossRef
Susan H. Eshleman, Jessica D. Church, Shu Chen, Laura A. Guay, Anthony Mwatha, Susan A. Fiscus, Francis Mmiro, Philippa Musoke, Newton Kumwenda, J. Brooks Jackson, Taha E. Taha, Donald R. Hoover. (2006) Comparison of HIV-1 Mother-to-Child Transmission After Single-Dose Nevirapine Prophylaxis Among African Women With Subtypes A, C, and D. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 42:4, 518-521
Online publication date: 1-Aug-2006.
CrossRef
Charles B. Holmes, Hui Zheng, Neil A. Martinson, Kenneth A. Freedberg, and Rochelle P. Walensky. (2006) Optimizing Treatment for HIV‐Infected South African Women Exposed to Single‐Dose Nevirapine: Balancing Efficacy and Cost. Clinical Infectious Diseases 42:12, 1772-1780
Online publication date: 15-Jun-2006.
Abstract-Full Text-PDF Version (135 kB)
Susan H. Eshleman, Yolanda Lie, Donald R. Hoover, Shu Chen, Sarah E. Hudelson, Susan A. Fiscus, Christos J. Petropoulos, Newton Kumwenda, Neil Parkin, and Taha E. Taha. (2006) Association between the Replication Capacity and Mother‐to‐Child Transmission of HIV‐1, in Antiretroviral Drug–Naive Malawian Women. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 193:11, 1512-1515
Online publication date: 1-Jun-2006.
Abstract-Full Text-PDF Version (84 kB)
James A McIntyre. (2006) Controversies in the use of nevirapine for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 7:6, 677-685
Online publication date: 1-Apr-2006.
CrossRef
Marie‐Laure Chaix, Didier Koumavi Ekouevi, François Rouet, Besigin Tonwe‐Gold, Ida Viho, Laurence Bequet, Gilles Peytavin, Hassane Toure, Hervé Menan, Valériane Leroy, Francois Dabis, and Christine Rouzioux, for the Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le SIDA Ditrame Plus Study Group. (2006) Low Risk of Nevirapine Resistance Mutations in the Prevention of Mother‐to‐Child Transmission of HIV‐1: Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le SIDA Ditrame Plus, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 193:4, 482-487
Online publication date: 15-Feb-2006.
Abstract-Full Text-PDF Version (95 kB)
Susan H. Eshleman, Donald R. Hoover, Sarah E. Hudelson, Shu Chen, Susan A. Fiscus, Estelle Piwowar‐Manning, J. Brooks Jackson, Newton I. Kumwenda, and Taha E. Taha. (2006) Development of Nevirapine Resistance in Infants Is Reduced by Use of Infant‐Only Single‐Dose Nevirapine plus Zidovudine Postexposure Prophylaxis for the Prevention of Mother‐to‐Child Transmission of HIV‐1. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 193:4, 479-481
Online publication date: 15-Feb-2006.
Abstract-Full Text-PDF Version (73 kB)
Carlo Giaquinto, Osvalda Rampon, Anita De Rossi. (2006) Antiretroviral Therapy for Prevention of Mother-to-Child HIV Transmission. Clinical Drug Investigation 26:11, 611-627
Online publication date: 1-Jan-2006.
CrossRef
D Heather Watts. (2006) Treating HIV During Pregnancy. Drug Safety 29:6, 467-490
Online publication date: 1-Jan-2006.
CrossRef
Susan H Eshleman, Donald R Hoover, Shu Chen, Sarah E Hudelson, Laura A Guay, Anthony Mwatha, Susan A Fiscus, Francis Mmiro, Philippa Musoke, J Brooks Jackson, Newton Kumwenda, Taha Taha. (2005) Resistance after single-dose nevirapine prophylaxis emerges in a high proportion of Malawian newborns. AIDS 19:18, 2167???2169
Online publication date: 1-Dec-2005.
CrossRef
Val??riane Leroy, Charlotte Sakarovitch, Mario Cortina-Borja, James McIntyre, Hoosen Coovadia, Francois Dabis, Marie-Louise Newell. (2005) Is there a difference in the efficacy of peripartum antiretroviral regimens in reducing mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Africa?. AIDS 19:16, 1865???1875
Online publication date: 1-Nov-2005.
CrossRef
Susan H Eshleman, Laura A Guay, Jing Wang, Anthony Mwatha, Elizabeth R Brown, Philippa Musoke, Francis Mmiro, J Brooks Jackson. (2005) Distinct Patterns of Emergence and Fading of K103N and Y181C in Women With Subtype A vs. D After Single-Dose Nevirapine. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 40:1, 24-29
Online publication date: 1-Sep-2005.
CrossRef
Scott M. Hammer. (2005) Single‐Dose Nevirapine and Drug Resistance: The More You Look, the More You Find. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 192:1, 1-3
Online publication date: 1-Jul-2005.
Citation-Full Text-PDF Version (57 kB)
Jimmy Volmink, Nandi Siegfried, Lize van der Merwe, Peter Brocklehurst, Jimmy Volmink. Antiretrovirals for reducing the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection. .
CrossRef

  • Financial support: HIV Network for Prevention Trials, sponsored by the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) through contracts with Family Health International (N01‐AI‐35173), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (N01‐AI‐45200), and Makerere University (NOI‐AI‐35173‐417); HIV Prevention Trials Network, sponsored by the NIAID, the National Institutes of Child Health and Human Development, the National Institute on Drug Abuse, the National Institute of Mental Health, and the Office of AIDS Research of the NIH, DHHS (grants U01‐AI‐46745 and U01‐AI‐48054); Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Groups, sponsored by the NIH, Division of AIDS, NIAID (grant U01‐AI‐38858); NIH (grant R01‐HD042965‐01 to S.H.E.); Fogarty International Center, NIH (AIDS Fogarty International Research Collaborative Award and Supplement 5R03TW01199).

Back to Top
Close Popup