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15 May 2005

Volume 191, Number 10
The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2005;191:1639–1647
© 2005 by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved.
0022-1899/2005/19110-0009$15.00
DOI: 10.1086/429334
MAJOR ARTICLE

Increased Prevalence of Leukocytes and Elevated Cytokine Levels in Semen from Schistosoma haematobium–Infected Individuals

Peter D. C. Leutscher,1,2

Mette Pedersen,3

Clairette Raharisolo,1

Jørgen Skov Jensen,5

Steen Hoffmann,5

Ida Lisse,6

Sisse R. Ostrowski,3

Claus M. Reimert,2

Philippe Mauclere,1 and

Henrik Ullum3,4

1Institut Pasteur, Antananarivo, Madagascar; 2Danish Bilharziasis Laboratory, Departments of 3Infectious Diseases and 4Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, 5Department of Pathology, Hvidovre Hospital, and 6Department of Bacteriology, Parasitology and Mycology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark

In this study, we investigated the seminal inflammatory response to egg infestation of the urogenital organs in 240 semen‐donating men aged 15–49 years living in a Schistosoma haematobium–endemic area of Madagascar. In 29 subjects (12%) with excretion of 5 ova/ejaculate, leukocytospermia (>106 leukocytes/mL) and the presence of seminal lymphocytes and eosinophil leukocytes were each significantly more prevalent than in 74 subjects (31%) who were S. haematobium negative ( ). In addition, seminal levels of interleukin (IL)–4, IL‐6, IL‐10, and tumor necrosis factor–α were significantly higher among seminal egg–excreting subjects than among infection‐negative subjects ( ). Sexually transmitted infection (STI) with Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium, and/or Trichomonas vaginalis did not act as a confounding factor for the observed associations. At follow‐up, 6 months after systematic antischistosomiasis and STI syndrome treatment at baseline, the prevalence of seminal leukocytes decreased significantly among the previously seminal egg–positive subjects. The same tendency was observed for the posttreatment levels of cytokines. Numerous studies have already shown an association between STI‐associated genital inflammation and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) propagation. Therefore, the results of the present study suggest that male urogenital schistosomiasis may constitute a risk factor for HIV transmission, as a result of egg‐induced inflammation in the semen‐producing pelvic organs.

Received 7 July 2004; accepted 24 November 2004; electronically published 11 April 2005.

Reprints or correspondence: Dr. Peter Leutscher, Danish Bilharziasis Laboratory, Jaegersb, Copenhagen, Denmark ().

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  • Financial support: Danish Council of Development Research, Danida (postdoctoral research fellowship to P.D.C.L.).

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