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1 January 2005

Volume 191, Number 1
The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2005;191:11–19
© 2005 by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved.
0022-1899/2005/19101-0003$15.00
DOI: 10.1086/426508
MAJOR ARTICLE

Etiologies and Manifestations of Persistent Diarrhea in Adults with HIV‐1 Infection: A Case‐Control Study in Lima, Peru

César Cárcamo,1,5

Thomas Hooton,2,3

Mark H. Wener,2

Noel S. Weiss,1

Robert Gilman,4,6

Jorge Arevalo,9

Juan Carrasco,8

Carlos Seas,7

Martin Caballero,9 and

King K. Holmes1,2,3

Departments of 1Epidemiology and 2Medicine and 3Center for AIDS and STD, University of Washington, Seattle; 4School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; 5School of Public Health and Administration, 6Department of Microbiology, and 7Alexander Von Humboldt Tropical Medicine Institute, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, and 8Loayza Hospital and 9Dos de Mayo Hospital, Lima, Peru

Objective.We sought to determine the etiologies, manifestations, and risk factors for persistent (7 days) diarrhea in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1)–infected persons in Peru.

Design.The present study is a case‐control study of 147 HIV‐1–infected case subjects with persistent diarrhea and 147 HIV‐1–infected control subjects without diarrhea.

Methods.We obtained clinical, demographic, and exposure data, CD4 lymphocyte counts, and stool samples for detection of enteric parasitic and bacterial pathogens and rotavirus.

Results.One or more enteric pathogen was identified in 55% of case subjects and 21% of control subjects (odds ratio adjusted for CD4 lymphocyte count, 3.8; 95% confidence interval, 2.2–6.5). The median CD4 lymphocyte count was highest with pathogen‐free diarrhea and lowest with Cryptosporidium infection. Cryptosporidium species (the most frequent pathogen), Giardia lamblia, Aeromonas species, Campylobacter species, and rotavirus were all significantly associated with diarrhea. Bacterial pathogens were significantly associated with G. lamblia and rotavirus infection. Of the bacterial pathogens (Aeromonas, Campylobacter, Salmonella, and Vibrio species and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli), only 24% were susceptible to cotrimoxazole, whereas 90% were susceptible to ciprofloxacin. In no case did the sensitivity or positive predictive value of specific clinical and laboratory findings for curable enteric infections exceed 50%.

Conclusions.Several enteric pathogens were associated with diarrhea in HIV‐1–infected case subjects in Peru, especially among those who were heterosexual. Clinical findings were poor predictors of detectable microbial etiology. The guidelines for initial management of chronic diarrhea with sulfamethoxazole‐trimethoprim in HIV‐1–infected persons require revision, at least in settings where prophylaxis with this agent is common.

Received 30 May 2004; accepted 30 July 2004; electronically published 1 December 2004.

Reprints or correspondence: Dr. King K. Holmes, UW Center for AIDS & STD, HMC‐Box 359931, 325 9th Ave., Seattle, WA 98104 ().

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  • Financial support: Fogarty International Center (International AIDS Research and Training Program grant D43 TW00007‐06); University of Washington (UW) Center for AIDS Research; UW School of Medicine Anderson Foundation; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

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