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15 December 2004

Volume 190, Number 12
The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2004;190:2088–2095
© 2004 by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved.
0022-1899/2004/19012-0005$15.00
DOI: 10.1086/425583
MAJOR ARTICLE

Avian Influenza A Virus (H7N7) Epidemic in The Netherlands in 2003: Course of the Epidemic and Effectiveness of Control Measures

Arjan Stegeman,1

Annemarie Bouma,1

Armin R. W. Elbers,2

Mart C. M. de Jong,3

Gonnie Nodelijk,3

Fred de Klerk,4

Guus Koch,2 and

Michiel van Boven3

1Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 2Department of Virology, Central Institute for Animal Disease Control, and 3Division of Infectious Diseases, Animal Sciences Group, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Lelystad, and 4National Inspection Service for Livestock and Meat/Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority, Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality, The Hague, The Netherlands

An epidemic of high‐pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) A virus subtype H7N7 occurred in The Netherlands in 2003 that affected 255 flocks and led to the culling of 30 million birds. To evaluate the effectiveness of the control measures, we quantified between‐flock transmission characteristics of the virus in 2 affected areas, using the reproduction ratio Rh. The control measures markedly reduced the transmission of HPAI virus: Rh before detection of the outbreak in the first infected flock was 6.5 (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.1–9.9) in one area and 3.1 in another area, and it decreased to 1.2 (95% CI, 0.6–1.9) after detection of the first outbreak in both areas. The observation that Rh remained >1 suggests that the containment of the epidemic was probably due to the reduction in the number of susceptible flocks by complete depopulation of the infected areas rather than to the reduction of the transmission by the other control measures.

Received 8 March 2004; accepted 22 June 2004; electronically published 15 November 2004.

Reprints or correspondence: Dr. Arjan Stegeman, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands ().

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  • Financial support: Dutch Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality.

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