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15 November 2002

Volume 186, Number 10
The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2002;186:1430–1437
© 2002 by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved.
0022-1899/2002/18610-0007$15.00
DOI: 10.1086/345284

Detection of Attenuated, Noninfectious Spirochetes in Borrelia burgdorferi–Infected Mice after Antibiotic Treatment

Linda K. Bockenstedt,1

Jialing Mao,1

Emir Hodzic,3

Stephen W. Barthold,3 and

Durland Fish2

Departments of 1Internal Medicine and 2Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; 3Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis

Xenodiagnosis by ticks was used to determine whether spirochetes persist in mice after 1 month of antibiotic therapy for vectorborne Borrelia burgdorferi infection. Immunofluorescence and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used to show that spirochetes could be found in Ixodes scapularis ticks feeding on 4 of 10 antibiotic‐treated mice up to 3 months after therapy. These spirochetes could not be transmitted to naive mice, and some lacked genes on plasmids correlating with infectivity. By 6 months, antibiotic‐treated mice no longer tested positive by xenodiagnosis, and cortisone immunosuppression did not alter this result. Nine months after treatment, low levels of spirochete DNA could be detected by real‐time PCR in a subset of antibiotic‐treated mice. In contrast to sham‐treated mice, antibiotic‐treated mice did not have culture or histopathologic evidence of persistent infection. These results provide evidence that noninfectious spirochetes can persist for a limited duration after antibiotics but are not associated with disease in mice.

Received 31 May 2002; revised 15 July 2002; electronically published 23 October 2002.

Reprints or correspondence: Dr. Linda K. Bockenstedt, 609 LCI, Section of Rheumatology, Yale University School of Medicine, PO Box 208031, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT 06520‐8031 ().

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  • Presented in part: Annual meeting of the American College of Rheumatology, San Francisco, 10–15 November 2001; Gordon Research Conference on the Biology of Spirochetes, Ventura, California, 27 January–1 February 2002.

    All experiments were done in accordance with animal care and use guidelines of the Yale University Animal Care and Use Committee. No human subjects were involved.

    Financial support: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (cooperative agreement U50/CCU114685); National Institutes of Health (AR‐42637, AR‐47058 to L.K.B., and AI‐26815 to E.H. and S.W.B.); US Department of Agriculture (cooperative agreement 58‐1265‐5023); G. Harold and Leila Y. Mathers Charitable Foundation (to D.F.).

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